Deregulation
Rolling back rules on prices, entry, or standards—often to encourage competition but sometimes with contested social costs.
From airlines to finance, deregulation waves aimed to replace administrative discretion with market pricing. Supporters cite efficiency; critics highlight safety, stability, and fairness risks.
Evidence and backlash
Cost-benefit analysis and retrospective studies became tools to judge whether deregulation delivered promised gains—while crises invited reregulation debates.